Topic: Helsinki Declaration

International treaties like the Declaration of Helsinki and the ICCPR mandate that medical research must be voluntary. Dr. Fleming warns that judges who enforce mandatory vaccination may eventually face accountability in international courts, similar to the judges tried during the Nuremberg proceedings.

The 1979 Belmont Report set the ethical framework for human subject research in the United States. Dr. Kaufman cites the report to argue that "radically new procedures" like gene therapy vaccines must be treated as formal research to determine safety and efficacy. He concludes that current mandates are violating international treaties and human rights declarations by forcing untested technology on the population.